RELIGION:
A: BELIEFS ;Is there an official or is there freedom of religion?
B: RITUALS
C: GODS OR SUPREME FIGURES
This is to be answered by Wednesday 14 th october,2009
THE WINDY CITY. THAT`S MY KIND OF TOWN
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The government and politics of Egypt is marked by the current Egyptian Constitution which was adopted by referendum on 11 September 1971, and amended in 1981 and 2005.
ResponderEliminarAccording to it, Egypt is an Arab Republic, of a social or socialist democratic system where Islam is the official state religion and legal rules are based on the Koran, although assigned to the State's obligation to provide worship any religion. In fact it is a presidential republic with an Islamic religious state of moderate character.
ResponderEliminarLegislative
Legislative power is vested in the People's Assembly, Majlis al-Shaab, elected for a term of five years, comprising 444 members elected and 10 appointed by the President additional. The term is for 5 years, but the president can dissolve the Chamber with the approval by referendum of the people. The National Democratic Party has a majority in the Assembly.
Alongside this Assembly is the Majlis al-Shura as an advisory body composed of 210 members.
Political parties must be approved by both the government and religious-based parties such as unions and professional associations are prohibited.
The electoral system enshrines universal suffrage, direct and compulsory at age 18, and all candidates are presented individually.
Executive
ResponderEliminarExecutive power is exercised through a Council of Ministers chaired by the Prime Minister. The President may appoint freely or vice presidents and ministers. The Assembly may ask a minister to resign if a vote of confidence held against him; If successful a censure motion against Prime Minister against the wishes of the President, the matter is decided in a referendum.
The President of the Republic is the Head of State and Supreme Commander of the armed forces and represents the executive power. To be elected must be at least 40 years old, a native of Egypt and the nomination from at least 1 / 3 of the People's Assembly, approve 2 / 3 and is elected for a term of six years to vote popular. In 2005 and ahead of the September presidential elections, due to pressure from the United States and the European Union constitution was amended to allow participation of other candidates without meeting the stringent requirements in force.
Legal system
The judiciary envisaged in the Constitution as a set of independent bodies of other branches. It is based on English common law, Islamic law and Napoleonic code, and judicial review is made by the Supreme Court and the State Council which oversees validity of administrative decisions.
There is a Supreme Constitutional Court accepts jurisdiction and enforcement of the International Court of Justice with reservations systems created in metamorphosis juridiction elective egipciounidense government of Africa.
PART II
ResponderEliminarBELIEFS IN AFRICA
Africa has a broad mix of religions. Some religions are based in ethnic and regional areas of South Africa's population. The immense majority of South Africans are Christians. The South African government has actively promoted particular Christian beliefs during the twentieth century, but there is no official state religion or whatsoever substantial government inhibition concerning religious beliefs.
The most prominent instituted Christian denominations rooted from European colony. About 80% of all South Africans are Christians, and most are Protestants. More than 8 million are members of African Independent churches, which have at least 4,000 congregations. The denomination generally holds a combination of traditional African and Protestant beliefs. The other large Protestant denomination, the Dutch Reformed Church, has about 4 million members in several branches. It arrived in South Africa in the 17th century.
RITUALS IN AFRICA
There are many different death rituals in Africa that are observed. There is one commonality though; most people believe that only a correct burial will bring a dead person peace.
A correct funeral in Africa begins with the removal of the body from the home. Previous to a person dying, a hole is made in the side of the home. This is to keep the spirit from finding an easy way back into the home. As the body is being transported to the place of burial, thorns and sticks are placed along the way and a zigzag pattern is used to confuse the spirit.
It is common to sacrifice animals as part of the death ritual in Africa. An ox is the popular choice, as it is believed this animal will accompany the deceased person to the land of their ancestors.
An animal may be killed right before the funeral as a ritual bloodletting. It is believed that blood needs to be shed to prevent further misfortune in the family.
Amon God of Thebes, Anubis God customary guardian of the necropolis, Bes He was associated with children and pregnant, Cmun god of the first cataract the "god of the sources" of the Nile, Hapi It was the idealization of fecundity and fertility, Hathor celestial goddess, Horus sky god, Isis It was called "mother of the gods.", Montu god of war, Osiris God dead and god of the dead.
The history of Egypt is a religious version, polytheistic.
ResponderEliminarThe Egyptian deified the forces of nature, therefore gathered all their gods human and animal characteristics. The annual cycle of flooding and fertilization of the earth that produces the Nile Religion was a central element in their beliefs. In recent periods, until the economy was organized around the temples.
In Egypt, religion divides neatly into the official state, which we know many details (the area funeral home, which is also well represented) and the daily practice of the majority of the population that departs markedly from the official cult.
The official religion had as its central figure the sun or sun king, called Ra, Horus and Amun. The Mummy (in theory) of the gods cared and looked after their cultic images, because they really cared about them were the priests. The gods, in turn, established their residence in the images and showed their support to the pharaoh and thus humanity.
Neither man nor the Pharaoh can "love" a god, but only "respect", "worship" or "give thanks". The "fear" means the ability to lift and "love" the power to inspire.
The order of worship is to maintain and strengthen the world order established. The cult practiced it a whole hierarchy of priests. Only priests could enter the sanctuary, not for the people. God left the temple only on some holidays, the cultic image was kept hidden in a chapel which was transported on a boat symbolic, so that God's presence known, but he was not seen. The official religion was irrelevant to individuals.
To meet their religious needs flocked to other sites as the main temples and many local shrines in honor of minor deities.
The people came to such places, and they prayed, had deposited their offerings or oracular consultation. There were also places of pilgrimage, as Abydos and Saqqara, people visiting the shrines every day, or possibly praying at home.
Religion: Islam is the official religion, but other religions are of the Sunni sect, the Coptic Orthodox church, a Christian, Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Armenian, and various Protestant churches.
ResponderEliminarRituals:
Ramadan Lanterns
Ramadan is the main ritual for all Muslims in the world, but to the Egyptians it’s the magical month that, accompanied with all the mysterious traditions that have become associated with Ramadan, often has no intrinsic link to religion. Some believe that many of the traditions are even incompatible with Islam. One of these magical traditions are Ramadan lanterns (Fawanees, sg. Fanoos or Fanus), which are now frequently made from recycled tin cans or plastic lanterns that play the latest popular music. Lanterns and lamps of various kinds, hues and degrees of brightness, have always been special to the Egyptians.
The sebou ceremony
Welcoming a new born in Egypt is accompanied with pride and great joy. There is a special significance associated with the divine blessing of both the father and the mother who have just sealed the sacred union of their marriage and ensured the continuation of their family's line of decedents. The Sebou' (meaning the seventh) is one of Egypt's oldest and most cherished celebrations. The family gathers a week after the birth of a baby of either sex by either Coptic or Muslim families from all status-groups, rural and urban.
The Morning Service
Before dawn the temple precinct was filled with priesthood and other temple servants who were busily perparing offerings of food, drinks and flowers as well as other kinds of offerings which could differ depending to which deity they were intended for. It was all arranged neatly on platters to be pleasing to the eyes, not only for the main god of the temple but also to all other manifestations of deity that existed in shrines elsewhere on the temple premises.
Ritual Purity
Ritual purity was of utmost importance. Everything and everyone which was to come into the presence of the god had to be purified, i.e. washed with natron and water from the Sacred Lake, of which there existed one on every temple ground. Natron as well as incense and water for libations played an important part of the rituals. These things were also prepared alongside of the offerings.
Serving the God
Then the god was washed, anointed with oils, perfumed, makeup was applied, the clothes from the day before was removed and the god was purified and dressed in clean clothing of four different kinds. In some texts it is said that white cloth was for safeguarding against enemies, blue cloth was for hding the face of the god, the green one was for giving him bodily health and the red was for protection.
The ritual was concluded with the high priest anointing the forehead of the cult statue with fragrant oil. This meant that the statue had once again been imbued with the presence of the deity. After incense had been burnt and a new pouring of a libation offering had been done, the high priest closed and sealed the doors of the naos, backed out of the sanctuary, sweeping away his footprints so that no trace was left.
Finally the offerings of food and drink was presented. These food offerings were left for a while before the god in order to be 'absorbed', later it was taken away and presented to the lesser deities in the temple. In some places the loaves of bread would remain before the naos until the next morning.
Midday and Evening Rituals
At midday and at sundown a somewhat shorter ritual took place. The doors to the shrine was not opened and the only acts performed were those of libations and burning of incense.
In this way the god´s presence in the temple was assured, and the temples were therefore regarded as the home of the god. As long as the god was kept pleased and well cared for, he would stay and protect the Two Lands. The worst thing which could happen was that the gods were forgotten, that would mean hard times for Egypt.
Gods: Allah and that Muhammad is God's messenger by the Islam, but other religions is Jesus